Female Sexual Function | Female Sexual Dysfunction | FSD

Female Sexual Function
www.FemaleSexualFunction.com

The Female Sexual Function and Female Sexual Dysfunction Site

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info@FemaleSexualFunction.com

**** We are not doctors and do not provide medical or healthcare advice. ****
If you have a medical or healthcare concern, call/email or visit your physician.

Female Sexual Function, in a healthy woman, is someone who successfully responds to, and experiences the 4 phases of the "Female Sexual Response Cycle."

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Female ED or Female Erectile Dysfunction occurs when a woman is unable to attain, and maintain a complete (fully-erect clitoris) erection of her clitoris through orgasm.

Many people do not understand that a woman is unable to orgasm unless she has a fully-erect clitoris.

If the husband of a patient with suspected Female ED or Female Erectile Dysfunction feels this is a problem within their relationship, his concern should be sufficient for him to discuss this problem with her. If she is unwilling to discuss the problem he may want to seek psychological or medical consultation, including notifying his wife's Ob/Gyn, gynecologist, or family physician about their problem as women with untreated/undiagnosed Female ED could lead to significant relationship problems that may end with divorce.

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Treatment for the removal of Pelvic Adhesions is through a surgical procedure called "adhesiolysis." The adhesiolysis procedure may involve cutting and releasing the adhesions during a laparoscopy procedure or treating the adhesions during a laparotomy.

Bladder Neck Suspension is a surgical procedure that is performed to support the bladder's "neck" which is where the urethra joins the bladder. Bladder Neck Suspension procedure is performed to treat female urinary incontinence wherein women may lose urine when coughing, sneezing or even laughing.

Cardiovascular medicine is the specialized branch of medicine that deals with diseases and disorders of the heart and cardiovascular system. The doctors that work in cardiovascular medicine are referred to as "cardiologists" and they diagnose and treat; congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and conduct tests of the heart called cardiac electrophysiology.

Cardiologists do not perform surgery. Heart surgeons are referred to as cardiac surgeons, cardiothoracic surgeons and cardiovascular surgeon.

The medical term "cardiology" comes from the Greek word καρδιά pronounced "kardia" and means the heart or inner self.

Clinical obstetrics is the study of the pregnant female and the developing baby (fetus) in the womb and of the medical care and practice that is provided to both.

Medical doctors that practice clinical obstetrics are typically referred to as an Ob-Gyn or "obstetricians and gynecologists" that practice medicine in "obstetrics and gynecology." Family physicians may also practice clinical obstetrics. A recent development, primarily due to rapidly-rising healthcare costs and medical malpractice insurance rates, see more OBGYNs leaving their obstetrics and gynecology practice, and entering family practice or "primary care" doctors.

Clinical psychiatry is the scientific and medical study and application of psychiatry for the purposes of understanding, treating, preventing, and relieving psychiatric-based distress, disease, emotional or other psychiatric dysfunction and to promote health and well-being.

Clinical psychology is sometimes confused with psychiatry, which has similar goals (e.g. the alleviation of mental distress), but is unique in that psychiatrists are physicians (medical doctors) with medical degrees that focus on medication-based solutions, although some also provide psychotherapeutic services, as well.

In practice, clinical psychologists often work in multidisciplinary teams with other professionals such as psychiatrists, occupational therapists, social workers, and licensed counselors to bring a multi-modal approach to complex patient problems.

A woman's vagina may become dis-placed or change location from its normal location within its normal vulvovaginal location. When it becomes displaced, a colpopexy or vaginal repair surgery is required to re-locate the vagina.

Colpopexy is the surgical procedure wherein the vagina is repositioned to the correct location within the pelvis.

Colpopexy is the standard protocol for correcting vaginal vault prolapse - also referred to as vaginal prolapse - which occurs when the vagina's supporting structure weakens to the point that the vagina will bulge; "fall" in on itself or even fall outside of the vaginal opening. Vaginal prolapse is a common occurrence in women that have had a hysterectomy, entered into menopause or have had one or more vaginal childbirths.

Colpopexy is the surgical suturing of the prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure - such as the abdominal wall or the sacrum, which is then called Sacral Colpopexy or Sacrocolpopexy.

What is Colporrhaphy?

Colporrhaphy is the surgical repair of the vaginal wall. This includes repairing many types of vaginal surgery, including the repairs of the vagina in a "Pelvic Organ Prolapse," "vaginal prolapse," "Vaginal Vault Prolapse," or the repair of a "cystocele" in the vaginal wall(s) or vaginal vault or a rectocele. A cystocele occurs when the bladder protrudes into the vagina, and a rectocele when the rectum protrudes into the vagina.

In the Colporrhaphy procudeure, a uro-gynecologist, or gynecological surgeon, places a vaginal speculum inside the vagina, which spreads/keeps the vagina open, for the doctor to inspect and repair the vagina. The vaginal wall is cut opened to reveal an opening in the supporting structures, or fascia and the defect is closed and then the vagina is repaired by suture and closed, and the speculum removed.

Who performs the Colporrhaphy and where is it performed?

Colporrhaphy is usually performed in a nearby hospital operating room by a uro-gynecologist, urologist or gynecological surgeon.

What is "Colposuspension" surgery?

Age and vaginal childbirth takes it toll on women's pelvic organs.

"Female Urinary Incontinence" is one of the problems most (over 50%) women who have delivered babies vaginally have to contend with. Women with Female Urinary Incontinence "leak" urine when they strain, cough, laugh or run. This condition is also called "stress urinary incontinence" meaning the stress of physical activity, not emotional stress is causing her to "leak" urine.

The problems associated with female urinary incontinence are corrected in the the "floor" of the woman's pelvis by several methods or types of surgeries - one of which is called Colposuspension.

A woman's pelvic floor is a sheet of special muscles and ligaments that stretch across the inside of the female pelvis. Women can feel it "tighten" when they try to hold back the flow of urine - or when they strain, cough, laugh or run. The uterus and bladder are located above the pelvic floor. The vagina and the opening of the bladder (the urethra) pass through the pelvic floor. If the pelvic floor weakens, the uterus and bladder "drop" down. The control of the urine is thereby weakened.

Colposuspension surgery strengthens the pelvic floor to lift, or "suspend" the uterus and bladder back up to their correct position within the woman's pelvis.

Coronary Artery Bypass surgery is also known as Coronary Artery Bypass Graft as well as "heart bypass." Coronary Artery Bypass is performed to relieve angina and reduce the risk of death from coronary artery disease. Arteries or veins from the patient's body (usually arteries or veins in the patient's legs) are grafted to the coronary arteries to bypass atherosclerotic narrowings and improve the blood supply to the coronary circulation supplying the myocardium (heart muscle).

Coronary Artery Bypass is usually performed with the heart stopped, necessitating the usage of a cardiopulmonary bypass machine.

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft - also known as Coronary Artery Bypass, "CABG" (pronounced "cabbage") as well as " heart bypass" surgery, is performed to relieve angina and reduce the risk of death from coronary artery disease.

Arteries or veins from the patient's body (usually arteries or veins in the patient's legs) are grafted to the coronary arteries to bypass atherosclerotic narrowings and improve the blood supply to the coronary circulation supplying the myocardium (heart muscle).

Coronary Artery Bypass is usually performed with the heart stopped, necessitating the usage of a cardiopulmonary bypass machine.

What is Coronary Revascularization?

Coronary Revascularization restores the flow of oxygen and nutrients back to the heart. To restore blood flow to the heart, open heart surgery is required to bypass the existing blockages or obstructions in the coronary arteries of the heart. Once the blockages or obstructions are removed, blood circulates to the heart again. The most common type of revascularization procedure is called Coronary Artery Bypass or Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, sometimes called CABG (“cabbage”).

What is Dilation and Curettage

Dilation and curettage - also referred to as a "D & C" - is a surgical procedure whereby the doctor scrape the inside of the woman's uterus to remove the lining. For most women with menorrhagia, a D&C is temporary and reduces excessive bleeding for only a few periods.

Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus. As a hysterectomy involves the removal of the woman's uterus, menorrhagia will no longer be a problem. Hysterectomy is also a surgical procedure and also involves risks. The recovery period after hysterectomy is 3 to 6 weeks.

Endometrial Ablation is the removal of the lining of the uterus, or "endometrium." After the doctor removes the uterine lining, this significantly decreases a woman's menstrual flow or stops it completely.

Endometrial Ablation is another possible therapy but only if you and your husband don't plan to have children in the future.

Typical Endometrial Ablation removes the lining of the uterus with an electrosurgical tool or laser. Like any surgical procedure, there are risks, which include perforation of the uterus, bleeding, infection, or even heart failure due to fluids used to open up or distend the uterus.

Epidural Anesthesia is by far and away, the most popular method for providing pain relief during labor and childbirth.

In fact, more women specifically request for an "epidural" or "Epidural Anesthesia" than any other form of pain relief. Recent statistics indicate that 57.4% of women in labor are administered an Epidural Anesthesia.

Once administered, Epidural Anesthesia acts as a "regional anesthesia" which blocks pain in a specific region of the body. The purpose of Epidural Anesthesia is to provide pain relief, making pain manageable or tolerable during childbirth, or some medical procedures, but not to remove all pain, which removes all sense of feeling entirely. It is important for women going through vaginal childbirth to have some feeling, or they would not feel the urge to push, or know when to push.

Epidural Anesthesia acts by blocking nerve impulses from the lower spine resulting in decreased sensation in the lower half of the body.

Epidural Anesthesia is in a class of drugs called local anesthetics and include drugs such as bupivacaine, chloroprocaine, or lidocaine. Epidural Anesthesia delivered in a combination with narcotics or opioids such as fentanyl, propofol and sufentanil, which decreases the required dose of the local anesthetic with minimal effects. These medications may be used in combination with clonidine, epinephrine, fentanyl or morphine, to prolong the effect of the Epidural Anesthesia or stabilize the mother’s blood pressure.

How is Epidural Anesthesia administered?

After reaching the hospital room, or labor and delivery room, intravenous (IV) fluids will be started before active labor begins and prior to the procedure of placing the Epidural Anesthesia.

Expectant mothers can expect to receive 1-2 liters of IV fluids throughout labor and delivery process.

An anesthesiologist (a doctor that specializes in anesthesia), an obstetrician, or nurse-anesthetist will administer the Epidural Anesthesia.

To administer the Epidural Anesthesia, you will arch your back and remain still while lying on your side or, more commonly, and when able, while sitting up. This position is vital for preventing problems and increasing the effectiveness of the Epidural Anesthesia.

An antiseptic solution is first used to wipe the waistline area of your mid back to minimize the chance of infection. Then, a small area on your back will be injected with a local anesthetic to numb the area where the Epidural Anesthesia needle is inserted. After which, a needle will be inserted into the numbed area that surrounds the spinal cord in the lower back. A small tube or catheter is threaded through the needle into the "epidural space." The needle is carefully removed leaving the catheter in place so that the Epidural Anesthesia medication can be given through periodic injections or by continuous infusion. The catheter will be taped to your back to prevent it from slipping out.

Female Sexual Function, in a healthy woman, is someone who successfully responds to, and experiences the 4 phases of the "Female Sexual Response Cycle."

43% of American women -- about 40 million -- have physical and/or emotional distress relating to enjoying sex. This is manifested in loss of interest in sex, no longer finding sex enjoyable, or providing the enjoyment sex used to bring, or the inability to complete a sexual encounter to orgasm. or it just is not as enjoyable as it used be. Many women also report diminished sexual sensations in their vulva, vagina or clitoris while other women have pain during intercourse.

While a gynecologist or family physician may be knowledgeable and able to diagnose disease and disorders of a woman's vulva and care for her reproductive and vulvovaginal health, he/she may lack the requisite education as it relates to "female sexual dysfunction," which is a growing area of medicine known as "Female Sexual Medicine." While men have had their "little blue pills" for ED since 1999, a "little pink pill" is still not ready for women for Female ED or Female Erectile Dysfunction.

The fact is, 50% more women than men suffer from erectile dysfunction and a woman's erection is just as important as a mans. "Female Sexual Dysfunction" is the generic term applied to the several sexual health problems women have that is one of the fastest growing areas of medicine known as "Female Sexual Medicine."

Female Sexual Medicine treats women and the various ailments and disorders which interfere with female sexual satisfaction, including;

It is important to note that 43% of American women -- about 40 million -- have physical and/or emotional distress relating to enjoying sex. This is manifested in loss of interest in sex, no longer finding sex enjoyable, or providing the enjoyment sex used to bring, or the inability to complete a sexual encounter to orgasm. or it just is not as enjoyable as it used be. Many women also report diminished sexual sensations in their vulva, vagina or clitoris while other women have pain during intercourse.

Female Sexual Arousal Disorder or simply "FSAD" occurs when a woman is unable to attain and maintain a full and complete erection of her clitoris along with sufficient vaginal lubrication during intercourse to be able to reach an orgasm.

Female Sexual Arousal Disorder affects up to 43 percent of all women, or an estimated 90 million women. Most women (more than 1/2) with FSAD are postmenopausal.

Some women with Female Sexual Arousal Disorder describe the condition as being "unable to get turned on," or being continually disinterested in sex.

The woman and her husband/partner should both be seen as this is a "couple's problem" that is typically best resolved with both partners in treatment. Their doctor will also insure that this is not the result of another psychological disorder which could be a primary problem.

If the husband/ partner of a patient with suspected Female Sexual Arousal Disorder feels that this is a problem within the relationship, that concern should be sufficient for the individual to seek psychological consultation.

Female Erectile Dysfunction occurs when a woman is unable to attain, and maintain a complete erection of her clitoris through orgasm.

If the husband/partner of a patient with suspected Female Erectile Dysfunction feels that this is a problem within the relationship, his concern should be sufficient for the individual the couple to seek medical and/or psychological consultation to determine the cause of her Female Erectile Dysfunction.

What is Female Orgasmic Disorder?

Female Orgasmic Disorder is defined as a sexual dysfunction that is characterized by a persistent or recurrent delay or absence of orgasm following the excitement phase of the female sexual response cycle, causing significant distress or interpersonal problems, and not being attributable to a drug or a general medical condition.

Female Orgasmic Disorder is directly related with the woman's inability to attain and maintain a fully-erect clitoris.

Most people do not know that a woman cannot reach orgasm without a full and complete erection of the clitoris.

Female Sexual Problems may be a cause of significant distress to both her and her husband.

If the husband/partner of a patient with suspected Female Sexual Problems feels that this is a problem within the relationship, his concern should be sufficient for the individual to seek psychological consultation.

Female urinary incontinence is a significant and troubling problem for the majority of all women that have delivered one or more babies vaginally.

Vaginal childbirth causes a "trauma" to the woman's vagina and pelvic region which includes the bladder, urethra and the ligaments that support them.

Urine leakage when laughing, sneezing or coughing is a symptom of a woman having female urinary incontinence and a reason for her to visit her doctor.

Most people do not know that the majority of feminine hygiene products are sold to women - NOT for menstruation, but for female urinary incontinence!

Throughout the day, and throughout a menstruating woman's menstrual cycle, her vulva and vagina produces a number of scents (and their respective chemical compounds) which come from urine, menstrual fluids, sweat, vaginal moisture and sometimes a vaginal discharge. Women feel more confident by using a feminine deodorant just as they do when using an underarm deodorant, and use a feminine deodorant after their bath or shower. Some women choose to use corn starch as their feminine deodorant on and around the vulvovaginal area.

Special note; women should NEVER use talcum powder on/in or around the vulvovaginal due to the link of multiple types of cancers (vaginal, cervical, uterine and vulvar cancer) associated with talcum powder use.

Did you know your vaginal odor problem could be
related to your vagina not having the correct pH level?

One of the most annoying feminine or gynecological problem a girl or woman will face in her life is feminine itching. Every young girl and woman will experience the discomfort, embarrassment and possible pain of feminine itching at some point in their life. For most women, feminine itching may be a recurring nuisance, and potential indication of a minor or possibly serious medical symptom and condition which should also be a signal to her that she needs to see her gynecologist as soon as possible.

There are many reasons and causes for vaginal and/or vulva itching. A few of these are;

Even a woman's monthly hormonal changes and variations may play a role in contributing to vaginal dryness which, in turn, may cause feminine itching. Sexual intercourse - with prolonged intercourse or too much friction inside a woman's vagina can lead to internal soreness and irritation.... and feminine itching.

Vaginal and vulva perspiration can lead to irritation, and damp panties from excessive vaginal moisture, not changing panties after they become wet from whatever reason(s) (exercise, sexual activity, excessive vaginal moisture or perspiration), poor hygiene and/or failure to properly wipe from front to back after urination may provide an ideal environment for yeast and bacteria to grow. Changing your panties when they become wet, removing/changing from your swimsuit bottoms after you're finished swimming, and sleeping without panties at night to allow your vagina and vulva adequate airflow will help prevent a number of problems.

Vaginal yeast infections are a common side effect from using antibiotics, the primary treatment for many medical conditions including urinary tract infections ("UTIs"). One of the most common reasons why young girls from 5-8 years-old suffer from urinary tract infections comes from their improper wiping habits - not wiping from front to back - after urinating. Other causes include everything from allergies to soap, bubble baths, laundry detergents to anatomical variations of their vulvas.

Vaginal yeast infections and bacterial vaginosis are very common problems from women in their postmenopausal years. Menopause itself, with the associate vaginal dryness is another contributing factor to feminine itching as the lack of estrogen, which occurs after menopause, leads to thinning, sensitive vaginal tissues that are also much dryer than before menopause.

Everyone needs to know about the problems and health concerns that feminine odor can be. Feminine Odor, also known as Vaginal Odor or "VO" is not just a source of embarrassment for women and girls, it could be a sign of a more serious vulvovaginal health concern.

Let's face it, more and more dads, are being awarded primary and sometimes, sole-custody of their daughter(s). And, it's about time the courts recognize that dad's are just as capable, just as loving, just as nurturing, as a parent, than their ex-wives. Many times, Dad's are even better at parenting. And dads with daughters need to be able to communicate with their daughters when it comes to their daughter's vulvovaginal health and feminine hygiene needs.

While most young ladies do not have problems with vaginal dryness, vaginal odor, feminine deodorant, or feminine itching, changes in their hormones as they approach their first menstrual period, and thereafter, can sometimes lead to these problems.

And when dad is the only parent at home, it's vital that he needs to know how to help his daughter(s) with these health issues. By being informed, honest, and straight forward, dad can be the trusted resource that his daughter(s) need on these healthcare problems. And just as important, if you don't know the answer to her vulvovaginal health or feminine hygiene questions, tell her that you don't know and will find out and let her know. Then, call your family physician and get the answers she needs, and don't wait for her to possibly get the wrong answers from one of her friends at school!

My daughter has asked me about her Feminine Odor problem, what can I do to help her?

Feminine Odor may indicate a serious health condition, always see your doctor whenever you have a health concern!

There are few things more annoying, or concerning to a woman or young lady, than a Feminine Odor problem.

The best answer in this case is to be on the safe side and take your daughter to your pediatrician for him/her to treat.

A Feminine Odor problem could be the indication of a more serious gynecological condition.

Otherwise, insure that when she is taking her bath or shower, that she is washing her vulva, with a very mild soap, and washing in between the labia and the creases. Make sure she is changing her panties every day.

Feminine Odor may indicate a serious health condition, always see your doctor whenever you have a health concern!

All menstruating women's vaginas go through monthly changes wherein their vagina's smell or scent changes from one day to the next, and throughout her monthly menstrual cycle. The amount of vaginal secretions, cervical mucous and vaginal moisture, changes from one day to the next, and throughout the monthly menstrual cycle. This is due to the flow of hormones that produce these changes throughout her cycle and also the reason for her monthly menstruation, if she has not conceived.

Feminine Odor may be the result of an inflammation of her vagina. The vaginal inflammation is often a result of infection in or around the vagina or vulva, called the vulvovaginal area. Sometimes this condition is referred to as vulvovaginitis.

Causes of Feminine Odor

Bacterial Vaginosis
Chlamydia
Genital Herpes
Gonorrhea
Lymphogranuloma Venereum ("LGV")
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ("PID")
Sexually Transmitted Infection(s)
Syphilis
Trichomonas
Vaginal Yeast Infection (candida)
Vulvovaginitis

Bacterial Vaginosis leads to Feminine Odor, what causes it?

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a type of vulvovaginitis. Bacterial Vaginosis occurs due to an overgrowth of one or more organisms that are normally present in your/your wife's vagina.

Many times, when a woman begins taking antibiotics, these antibiotics kill off the natural organisms in her vagina. This may cause some organisms in her vagina to multiply, and these organisms produce chemicals that cause a fish-like odor characteristic of BV. Feminine odor may be more acute, and stronger after sexual intercourse.

Many times, while a woman may believe that vaginal douching prevents or helps prevent feminine odor, especially after menstruation, douching actually disrupts the normal flora, or naturally occurring organisms that normally live in the vagina. Vaginal douching, therefore, may actually increase the risk of vaginal infection.

Signs and symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis include(s):

* Grayish-white vaginal discharge
* Vaginal itching or irritation
* Vulva/labial redness, irritation, swelling and redness

Treating Bacterial Vaginosis is normally started after a visit to the ob-gyn who may prescribe medication(s) - usually antibiotics.

Other causes of feminine odor include the following:

Poor vaginal, menstrual or feminine hygiene methods.

"Losing" or forgetting a tampon in the vagina, which may lead to a vaginal infection.

Rarely, an advanced tumor of the cervix or vagina will cause a vaginal odor problem.

Whether you are concerned about menstruation, whether you should consider douching, vaginal odor, vaginal dryness, menstrual odors during menstruation, or general feminine hygiene information, this site is for you.

What are "Feminine Wipes"?

Feminine Wipes are a feminine hygiene cleansing product used by women in the vulvovaginal area for cleansing of the sensitive vulvovaginal skin. Feminine Wipes are used as a replacement for ordinary toilet paper as women find Feminine Wipes more effective and soothing than toilet paper. Feminine Wipes are free of harmful chemicals, dyes, perfumes or alcohol which may cause either allergic reactions or cause burning or stinging of the sensitive vulvovaginal skin. There are 7-8 major brands of Feminine Wipes which are found on the feminine hygiene aisles at grocery stores and drug stores.

Throughout the day, and throughout a menstruating woman's menstrual cycle, the vulva and vagina produces a number of scents (and their respective chemical compounds) which come from urine, menstrual fluids, sweat, vaginal moisture and sometimes a vaginal discharge. Women feel cleaner or more feminine when they are able to comfortably cleanse the vulvovaginal area more effectively with Feminine Wipes as opposed to toilet paper. And when women feel cleaner and more feminine, they feel much more confident!

Genitourinary medicine is a combination of different medical practices that includes andrology, gynecology and urology. One of the primary specialties/diseases that a genitourinary doctor handles is sexually transmitted diseases.

The female Genitourinary system is made up of the womb (uterus), ovaries, cervix, fallopian tubes, vagina and vulva.

The female urinary organs like those in the male, form the excretory system of liquid waste. The urinary organs as excretory system serve the purpose of waste disposal for the body. The excretory system excretes toxins, excess water, and other solutes. In addition the excretory system regulates blood pressure, metabolism, and blood composition and volume.

The female reproductive system which includes the Genitourinary system, performs the reproductive function in women in their child bearing age.

Uterus (Womb)

A muscular organ, shaped like an upside down pear. Its inner lining is called the endometrium. The neck, or entrance to the womb is the cervix, which has a small hole in its centre, called the os.

Listed below are some of the common conditions, treatment and procedures involving the Uterus.

Ovaries

Two small almond shaped glands that contain eggs (ova). The ovaries are responsible for the female sex hormones.

Below are some of the common conditions, treatment and procedures involving the ovaries.

Cervix

The continuation from neck of uterus which has a small hole in its centre, called the os. Below are some of the common conditions, treatment and procedures involving the cervix.

Fallopian Tubes

These are two small tubes that connect the Ovaries on either side to the uterus in the centre. These tubes carry the egg (ovum) from the ovary to the womb. Below are some of the common conditions, treatment and procedures involving the Fallopian tubes.

Vagina

A muscular canal around 7.5 cm long that extends from the neck of the womb to the external female genitalia or vulva.

Below are some of the common conditions, treatment and procedures involving the vagina.

Bladder

The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous sac which acts as a reservoir for the urine; and as its size, position, and relations vary according to the amount of fluid it contains. It receives urine from the kidneys through the ureters and is dispensed from the bladder through the Urethra.

Gynecologic Medicine is the medical field of gynecology (also spelled gynaecology) and is the medical practice which deals with the gynecologic health of the female reproductive system (i.e. cervix, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus and vagina) as well as the external female genitals or the "vulvovaginal" area.

Gynecologic Urology, also referred to as Urogynecology, is a subspecialty within the field of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Uro-gynecologist's specialty is female pelvic disorders such as pelvic organ prolapse - which are bulges that extend from the uterus into the vagina or extend out of the vagina), urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence and constipation.

Doctors that complete their residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology, then go onto complete fellowship training in Uro-gynecology, where they spend several years focusing only on Uro-gynecology and female pelvic disorders.

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Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder or "HSDD" has been defined as a deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity. Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder is considered a disorder if it causes distress for the woman or husband. The woman and her husband should both be seen as this is a "couple's problem" that is typically best resolved with both partners in treatment. Their doctor will also insure that this is not the result of another psychological disorder which could be a primary problem.

If the husband/partner of a patient with suspected Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder feels that this is a problem within the relationship, his concern should be sufficient for the individual to seek psychological consultation.

50% more women than men suffer from "erectile dysfunction" and a woman's erection is just as important as his! In fact, unless a woman has a fully-erect clitoris, she cannot have an orgasm.

"Female Sexual Dysfunction" is the generic term applied to the several sexual health problems women have that is one of the fastest growing areas of medicine known as "Female Sexual Medicine."

Hysteropexy is the re-positioning and "fixation" of the uterus by a surgical procedure to correct its displacement.

Menorrhagia is one of several debilitating "menstrual disorders" facing as many as 20% of all menstruating women. Menorrhagia is the medical term for women (and young girls first starting their menstrual cycles) that suffer from heavy menstrual bleeding.

Heavy menstrual bleeding is defined as having a period that lasts 7 or more days each menstrual cycle (period) or is so heavy that you saturate your menstrual pad and/or tampon and need to change your feminine hygiene product(s) every one to two hours. It is very important to inform your doctor if you have heavy menstrual bleeding!

Women that are suffering from menorrhagia may experience; anemia, fatigue, embarrassing menstrual accidents, and feel that you have to restrict your life and social activities to such an extent that you "miss out on life." Many women prefer to stay close to home so as to avoid embarrassment due to their need to go to the restroom so often so that they can change their feminine hygiene products before they become too saturated and cause even more embarrassment.

How much blood is there during a "normal" monthly menstrual period?

The average loss of menstrual blood and fluid during a normal monthly period varies from one woman to the next and from one day to the next. However, a "normal" amount of blood loss during one monthly menstrual period can be anywhere from 6 tablespoons to 9 tablespoons. However, the "average" that most doctors would agree on is from 4 tablespoons to 6 tablespoons.

How many women have Menorrhagia?

What causes Menorrhagia?

There are a number of medical conditions that may cause (or contribute) to menorrhagia. It's also possible to experience Menorrhagia without any known cause or reason. Here are a few causes of menorrhagia.

Remember, your body has about 5 pints of blood and continuously replenishes its blood supply, but heavy menstrual bleeding should always be a cause for seeing your doctor!

Are there any treatments or therapies for menorrhagia?

Yes, there's hope and help for women with menorrhagia! Here are a few of the options and therapies you will want to discuss with your doctor.

First off, as many as 50% of women with menorrhagia may see a reduction in heavy menstrual bleeding by taking a Vitamin K supplement, as many women with a vitamin K deficiency have menorrhagia. You will want to discuss this first with your doctor before taking any supplements.

Hormone therapy - also known as "both control pills," and/or other medications may be prescribed to treat hormone imbalance. Hormone therapy is effective about 50% of the time, and may be required for a long period of time.

Intrauterine Device or IUD, may also prove beneficial in treating menorrhagia in some women. An IUD is inserted in a woman's uterus by her doctor. The IUD will also act as a contraceptive.

Menstrual disorders can be either a temporary or permanent condition. Both Menstrual disorders can interfere with a woman's ability to become pregnant.

A woman with Menstrual disorders should see her obgyn or family doctor as menstrual disorders may be signs or symptoms of more serious medical conditions.

Menstrual disorders can be caused by a number of differing problems or reasons. For normal menstruation to occur, a woman's hormonal glands must function normally for menstrual periods to occur.

Menstrual disorders can result from conditions that affect a woman's hormone-producing glands and organs that may include her cervix, hypothalamus, ovaries, pituitary gland, uterus, or vagina.

Dysmenorrhea - also known as painful periods with severe menstrual cramping.

Menorrhagia - excessive menstrual bleeding. (see: www.Menorrhagia.net for more information).

Oligomenorrhea - which is infrequent (less than 8 periods/menstrual cycles per year) menstruation.

Toxic Shock Syndrome - starting out with flu-like symptoms, Toxic Shock Syndrome is related to tampon use, the absorbency of the tampon, and the length of time the tampon is left in the vagina and how often a tampon is replaced.

Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation or a woman's monthly menstrual periods. Amenorrhea is classified as either "primary" Amenorrhea, which is the absence of "menarche" a girl's first menstrual period by age 16, or "secondary" Amenorrhea, which is the absence of menstrual periods for more than three to six months in a woman who previously had monthly menstrual periods.

Causes of primary amenorrhea which are normally present at the birth of a baby girl, but are not known until she reaches the age of puberty, and when she should be experiencing menarche. Conditions causing primary amenorrhea may include genetic or chromosomal abnormalities, and structural abnormalities of the reproductive tract. All of the conditions that lead to secondary amenorrhea can also cause primary amenorrhea. Pregnancy is the leading cause of secondary amenorrhea.

Among non-pregnant women, ovarian conditions are the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea; these conditions include polycystic ovary syndrome and premature ovarian failure also known as early premature menopause.

The most common reasons for Amenorrhea, skipped menstrual periods or missing menstrual periods include:

* Emotional stress
* Excessive exercise or physical stress
* Poor nutrition
* Pregnancy
* Illness

Dysmenorrhea or painful periods is the medical term for severe menstrual cramping. "Primary dysmenorrhea" is not usually associated with other more serious medical conditions. Dysmenorrhea usually begins when a girl starts having her menstrual periods, and can start as soon as her first period or menarche.

Menorrhagia - or excessive menstrual bleeding, is normally indicated when a woman's menstruation lasts more than seven to eight days each monthly menstrual period, or if she loses more than 80 milliliters or about 1/3 of a cup of menstrual blood each monthly cycle. A woman's doctor may classify or diagnose her as having dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB), which often leads to an iron deficiency or anemia unless she begins taking iron supplements, as prescribed by her doctor. Iron deficiency, as caused by the excessive menstrual bleeding, may lead to increased fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, and in severe cases - angina.

Menorrhagia's most likely causes include:

* Abortion-related problems
* Cervical or endometrial polyps
* Cervical cancer
* Endometrial cancer.
* Hormone imbalance
* IntraUterine Device (IUD)
* Menopause
* Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
* Perimenopause
* Premature Ovarian Failure
* Uterine fibroids or tumors (benign or cancerous)

Oligomenorrhea is another menstrual disorder that refers to infrequent or sporadic menstrual periods which are generally defined to mean fewer than six to eight periods per year.

Did you know your vaginal odor problem could be
related to your vagina not having the correct pH level?

There are various types of nerve stimulation, each with its own protocols for treating various ailments and conditions.

One type of nerve stimulation is for treating people with moderate to severe depression. Depression can be a very serious and life-threatening condition that may require life-long management and treatment. Treating depression may sometimes have a lower than hoped for success rate and estimates indicate that more than half of all patients with depression have relapses. Anti-depressant drugs and medication may lessen symptoms but may not relieve all of the symptoms in some patients.

Seizures also do not always respond to treatment. Some patients have tried two or more medications and still have seizures, as well as side effects from the drugs, both of which affect their quality of life.

Vagus nerve stimulators are a small medial device that are implanted under the skin of the chest. A very small wire runs to the patient's vagus nerve, which is then stimulated by the device, in the same manner a pacemaker works. In general, patients with depression normally experience an improvement in alertness, energy. memory, their depression improves as a result. better mood. These quality-of-life benefits improve over time.

Vagus nerve stimulators, in general, have proven to be a safe and effective way to control seizures and lessen the severity of depression. Because vagus nerve stimulators are used, drugs are usually not required, and there are no side effects that are associated with anti-depressant or seizure-control medications.

Symptoms of Overactive Bladder Syndrome can range from mild leaking to uncontrollable wetting. It can happen to anyone, but it is more common in women who have had at least one vaginal childbirth, and becomes even more of a problem during menopause.

Overactive Bladder Syndrome happens when genitourinary muscles are too weak or too active. If the muscles that keep your bladder closed are weak, you may have accidents when you sneeze, laugh or lift a heavy object. This is stress incontinence. If bladder muscles become too active, you may feel a strong urge to go to the bathroom when you have little urine in your bladder. There are other causes of Overactive Bladder Syndrome, including nerve damage and pelvic organ prolapse.

Doctors in Genitourinary Medicine are specialists in Overactive Bladder Syndrome. Treatments for Overactive Bladder Syndrome depends on the type of problem you have and what best fits your lifestyle. It may include simple exercises, medicines, special devices or procedures prescribed by your doctor, or surgery.

Pantiliners, also referred to as;

* Inipads - our revolutionary menstrual pad and tampon alternative!
* sanitary pads
* sanitary towels
* Mini-menstrual pads
* Maxi pads
* Menstrual pads
* Menstruation pads
* Pantiliners
* Pantishields
* Pantyliners
* Pantyshields

are thin, absorbent cotton, cloth or other material(s) used in feminine hygiene.

Pantiliners are not your mother's bulky thick pads and sanitary napkins of 30 - 40 years ago! Pantiliners make periods much more comfortable and convenient compared to the tick, bulky pads your mother used to wear! Pantiliners, like sanitary napkins worn inside a woman's panties, so that the pantiliner is placed or wedged next to the vulva, specifically centered in front of the opening to the vagina.

Pantiliners are used for many feminine hygiene needs, including; absorbing a woman's daily vaginal discharge, periods of light light menstrual flow such as on day one or day 5 of menstruation, in conjunction with tampons for heavier menstrual flow days, menstrual cup backup, periods for when there is menstrual spotting and female urinary incontinence.

Pantiliners resemble other typess of feminine hygiene - specifically sanitary napkins in that Pantiliners are much thinner and often narrower than types of pads. As a result they absorb much less liquid than pads - making them ideal for light discharge and everyday cleanliness. They are generally unsuitable for menstruation of medium to heavy flow, which require them to be changed more often.

Pantiliners are produced in a wide assortment of absorbencies, sizes, shapes and scents, including no-scent for women with allergies. Pantiliners even come in " thong" styles for fitting inside thong-style panties!

What are the symptoms that indicate a woman is suffering from Pelvic Organ Prolapse?

Pelvic Organ Prolapse is a real, common and treatable problem. Consider this:

About half of all women over age 50 suffer from some degree of Pelvic Organ Prolapse.

One in 10 women undergo surgery for Pelvic Organ Prolapse before they reach the age of 80.

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Pelvic Prolapse is another term used for "Pelvic Organ Prolapse." Pelvic Prolapse is a very common condition, particularly among older women. It's estimated that half of women who have children will experience some form of Pelvic Organ Prolapse in later life. Many women, particularly because they may no longer be sexually active, and fail to continue receiving their annual pelvic exams, don't seek help from their doctor. Therefore, the actual number of women affected by Pelvic Organ Prolapse is unknown.

Pelvic Prolapse may also be called; genital prolapse, pelvic relaxation, pelvic prolapse, uterine prolapse, uterovaginal prolapse, pelvic floor dysfunction, urogenital prolapse or vaginal vault prolapse.

What are the symptoms that indicate a woman is suffering from Pelvic Organ Prolapse?

Typically, Pelvic Reconstruction is performed vaginally and uses an implant to reinforce the strength of the weakened pelvic tissues.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a group of symptoms related to menstruation and the menstrual cycle. PMS symptoms occur in the week or two weeks before your period (menstruation or monthly bleeding). The symptoms usually go away after your period starts. Premenstrual Syndrome may interfere with your normal activities at home, school, or work. Menopause, when monthly periods stop, brings an end to Premenstrual Syndrome.

The causes of Premenstrual Syndrome are not yet clear. Some women may be more sensitive than others to changing hormone levels during the menstrual cycle. Stress does not seem to cause PMS, but may make it worse. Premenstrual Syndrome can affect menstruating women of any age.

Premenstrual Syndrome often includes both physical and emotional symptoms. Diagnosis of PMS is usually based on your symptoms, when they occur, and how much they affect your life.

What are the symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome?

Premenstrual Syndrome often includes both physical and emotional symptoms. Common symptoms are:

* breast swelling and tenderness

* fatigue and trouble sleeping

* upset stomach, bloating, constipation or diarrhea

* headache

* appetite changes or food cravings

* joint or muscle pain

* tension, irritability, mood swings, or crying spells

* anxiety or depression

* trouble concentrating or remembering.

Symptoms vary from one woman to another. If you think you have Premenstrual Syndrome, try keeping track of your symptoms for several menstrual cycles. You can use a calendar to note which symptoms you are having on which days of your cycle, and how bad the symptoms are. If you seek medical care for your PMS, having this kind of record is helpful.

How common is Premenstrual Syndrome?

Estimates of the percentage of women affected by Premenstrual Syndrome vary widely. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, up to 40 percent of menstruating women report some symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome. Most of these women have symptoms that are fairly mild and do not need treatment. Some women (perhaps five to ten percent of menstruating women) have a more severe form of PMS.

What treatments are available for Premenstrual Syndrome?

Many treatments have been tried for easing the symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome. However, no treatment has been found that works for everyone. A combination of lifestyle changes and other treatment may be needed. If your PMS is not so bad that you need medical help, a healthier lifestyle may help you feel better and cope with symptoms.

Adopt a healthier way of life. Exercise regularly, get enough sleep, choose healthy foods, don't smoke, and find ways to manage stress in your life.

Try avoiding excess salt, sugary foods, caffeine, and alcohol, especially when you are having PMS symptoms.

Be sure that you are getting enough vitamins and minerals. Take a multivitamin every day that includes 400 micrograms of folic acid. A calcium supplement with vitamin D can help keep bones strong and may help with PMS symptoms.

In more severe cases, drugs such as diuretics, ibuprofen, birth control pills, or antidepressants may be used.

Although Premenstrual Syndrome does not seem to be related to abnormal hormone levels, some women respond to hormonal treatment. For example, one approach has been to use drugs such as birth control pills to stop ovulation from occurring. There is evidence that a brain chemical, serotonin, plays a role in severe forms of PMS. Antidepressants that alter serotonin in the body have been shown to help many women with severe PMS.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder or PMDD, is a severe, disabling form of PMS. In PMDD, the main symptoms are mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, tension, and persistent anger or irritability. These severe symptoms lead to problems with relationships and carrying out normal activities. Women with PMDD usually also have physical symptoms, such as headache, joint and muscle pain, lack of energy, bloating and breast tenderness. According to the American Psychiatric Association, a woman must have at least five of the typical symptoms to be diagnosed with PMDD. The symptoms must occur during the two weeks before her period and go away when bleeding begins.

Research has shown that antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can help many women with PMDD. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two such medications to date for treatment of PMDD - sertraline (Zoloft) and fluoxetine (Sarafem).

A Prolapsed Uterus is a very serious medical condition which normally requires the immediate attention of a woman's ob-gyn or family medical provider. A Prolapsed Uterus refers to a "collapsed" uterus, or descended uterus, or other change in the position of the uterus in relation to the surrounding structures within the pelvis. The pelvis contains many soft tissue structures vital to normal body functions, supported primarily by the diaphragms, layers of muscles, fibrous coverings called fasciae, and various ligaments and tendons. These soft tissues of the pelvis derive their ultimate support from the bony pelvis.

A woman's uterus is held in place within her pelvis by a number of ligaments, muscles and connecting tissues. During childbirth, particularly those women that experience either difficult labor and delivery, or extended L&D, these muscles and connecting tissues may weaken and no longer provide the support to keep her uterus in its' proper pelvic location. As women age, those with weakened muscles and ligaments of the uterus, now have the additional loss of estrogen, which may lead to her uterus collapsing or "falling" into her vagina. This is then referred to as a "prolapsed uterus."

Conditions that may also contribute to a prolapsed uterus include being overweight, hysterectomy/removal of the uterus, and any other surgeries that affect the ligaments, muscles or connecting tissues of a woman's uterus.

A prolapsed uterus may be one of three types, depending on the severity:

• First-degree prolapse occurs when the uterus sags downward into the upper vagina.

• Second-degree prolapse occurs when the cervix is at or near the outside of the vagina.

• Third-degree prolapse (sometimes referred to as total prolapse) occurs when the entire uterus extends outside the vagina.

What are the symptoms of a woman with a prolapsed uterus?

* Painful sexual intercourse
* Pain in the lower back
* Problems with urination and/or bowel movement
* Problems with standing and walking
* The feeling of "fullness" in the pelvis - also commonly referred to "pressure" in the pelvis.
* The feeling as if she is sitting on a small ball
* Women with a prolapsed uterus also describe the feeling that it feels like something is coming out of her vagina.

A woman with suspected prolapsed uterus should see her doctor if she has any of the following symptoms:

* You feel your cervix next to, or closer to your vaginal opening.
* You feel pressure in your vagina, or the feeling that something is coming, or falling out of your vagina.
* You suffer from persistent pain, pressure or discomfort from female urinary incontinence.
* You suffer from urinary "dribbling" when urinating.
* You have frequent rectal urgency or need for having a bowel movement.
* You have continuing or unexplained (low) back pain.
* You have any problems or difficulty with; bowel movements, standing, urinating, walking, or urination

A woman with suspected prolapsed uterus should see her doctor IMMEDIATELY, if she experiences the following symptoms:

* An obstruction, pain or any difficulties with bowel movements or urinating.
* A complete prolapsed uterus when her uterus falls out from her vagina.

Reproductive Endocrinology is a surgical subspecialty of obstetrics and gynecology field which educates and trains doctors in reproductive medicine. Reproductive Endocrinology helps couples wanting to have children by focusing on the woman's hormone functioning relating and helping her reach an optimum state reproductive health and fertility as well as addressing other infertility problems the couple may be having.

Sacral Colpopexy has a very high rate of success and the surgical procedure involves suturing a synthetic mesh that connects and supports the vagina to the sacrum, or tailbone. The Sacral Colpopexy operation is performed from the abdomen to support the vagina to the ligament on the spine (after previous or present surgery to remove the uterus) by using a synthetic mesh.

Why Is Sacral Colpopexy Performed?

Sacral Colpopexy is performed to treat severe protrusion or bulge(s) of the vagina after removal of the uterus.

A woman's vagina that has one or more of these vaginal protrusion(s) may experience one or more of the following:

• The vaginal lump/bulge or protrusion feels uncomfortable or causes pain.
• Difficulty with urination (e.g. unable to completely empty the bladder)
• Bowel difficulties (e.g. constipation, incomplete emptying of bowels)
• Pain
• Infection
• Bleeding

The objective of the Sacral Colpopexy operation is to relieve the woman's symptoms and to restore her vagina and her vaginal anatomy (as much as possible) and recover her sexual function.

Are there any risks associated with Sacral Colpopexy surgery?

Sacral Colpopexy surgery is a very common and relatively safe operation with excellent prognosis and outcomes. However, like any surgical procedure, there are complications which may occur.

Possible complications from Sacral Colpopexy surgery may include:

• Bleeding
• Infection
• Injury to surrounding tissues (e.g. nerve or blood vessels, ureter, intestines)
• Formation of blood clot(s) in the legs or lungs
• Recurrence of problem
• Slow return of bowel or bladder function
• Erosion of synthetic material through vaginal mucosa

What Happens Before Sacral Colpopexy Surgery?

1. Blood tests, electrocardiography (ECG) and chest X-ray may be done to ensure that you are in optimal health for Sacral Colpopexy surgery.

2. Your doctor may prescribe oral or vaginal estrogen (hormone) if you are already menopausal. It is important to comply with this medication as it ensures that your vaginal tissues are optimal for surgery and healing.

3. You will be admitted to the hospital one day before Sacral Colpopexy surgery.

4. You will be given preparations to clear your bowels.

5. Your pubic hair surrounding your vagina and on your vulva will be shaved.

6. You will not be allowed to eat or drink after midnight on the day before the surgery.

7. All your medical and surgical conditions, if any, must be made known to the doctor and must be optimally controlled.

8. If you are on aspirin, please keep your doctor informed. You must stop taking aspirin at least one week before Sacral Colpopexy surgery.

What happens during the Sacral Colpopexy surgery?

The surgery is done under general or regional anesthesia. The anesthesiologist will discuss with you the advantages and disadvantages of both methods.

An abdominal incision is made. The synthetic mesh is stitched to the posterior surface of the vagina and to the ligaments in front of the spine.

A tube / drain may be inserted into the abdomen to monitor the bleeding.

Another tube will be inserted into the urethra as there may be difficulty in urination after the Sacral Colpopexy procedure.

Painkillers, laxatives and antibiotics would generally be prescribed after the procedure.

What happens after Sacral Colpopexy surgery?

1. Immediately after the operation, you may experience one or more of the following:

• Tiredness - You should rest and gradually increase your mobilization until you feel fit to return to your normal activities.

• Discomfort - In the lower part of the abdomen, over the incision. This is to be expected and painkillers should help to relieve the discomfort.

• Vaginal bleeding - Mild to moderate amount of reddish watery discharge after surgery is quite normal. You will need to wear a menstrual pad during the recovery period, but you will not be permitted to use tampons for obvious reasons.

2. One day after surgery, you will usually be allowed to drink and eat. You will be encouraged to move around. Blood chemistries and normal follow-up visits will be performed.

3. The catheter that was placed in your urethra is usually removed the day after surgery. The drain is usually removed two days after the operation.

4. You may be discharged on the third or fourth day after surgery if the doctor is pleased with your progress and the outcome of the Sacral Colpopexy procedure.

5. You should refrain from:

• Strenuous exercise for 2 months. You may return to normal activity after that, or upon clearance by your doctor.

• Using tampons, douching, sexual intercourse and driving for 4 weeks.

• Carrying heavy weights (> 10 pounds) for 6-8 weeks after Sacral Colpopexy surgery.

6. You should (immediately) return to the hospital or notify your doctor if you notic any of the following:

• Heavy vaginal bleeding
• Foul smelling vaginal discharge
• Severe abdominal distension and / or pain not relieved by painkillers
• High fever
• Pain associated with passing urine
• Difficulty in passing urine
• Constipation

Follow-up doctor visits after Sacral Colpopexy surgery

You will be examined by your doctor (at your doctor's office) at approximately; 2 weeks, 4 weeks, six months and and one year after Sacral Colpopexy surgery.

It is important to keep your follow-up appointments to ensure the best possible results.

Follow-up doctor visits after Sacral Colpopexy surgery

You will be examined by your doctor (at your doctor's office) at approximately; 2 weeks, 4 weeks, six months and and one year after Sacral Colpopexy surgery.

It is important to keep your follow-up appointments to ensure the best possible results.

Sacrocolpopexy has a very high rate of success and the surgical procedure involves suturing a synthetic mesh that connects and supports the vagina to the sacrum, or tailbone. The Sacrocolpopexy operation is performed from the abdomen to support the vagina to the ligament on the spine (after previous or present surgery to remove the uterus) by using a synthetic mesh.

Why Is Sacrocolpopexy Performed?

Sacrocolpopexy is performed to treat severe protrusion or bulge(s) of the vagina after removal of the uterus.

A woman's vagina that has one or more of these vaginal protrusion(s) may experience one or more of the following:

• The vaginal lump/bulge or protrusion feels uncomfortable or causes pain.
• Difficulty with urination (e.g. unable to completely empty the bladder)
• Bowel difficulties (e.g. constipation, incomplete emptying of bowels)
• Pain
• Infection
• Bleeding

The objective of the Sacrocolpopexy operation is to relieve the woman's symptoms and to restore her vagina and her vaginal anatomy (as much as possible) and recover her sexual function.

Are there any risks associated with Sacrocolpopexy surgery?

Sacrocolpopexy surgery is a very common and relatively safe operation with excellent prognosis and outcomes. However, like any surgical procedure, there are complications which may occur.

Possible complications from Sacrocolpopexy surgery may include:

• Bleeding
• Infection
• Injury to surrounding tissues (e.g. nerve or blood vessels, ureter, intestines)
• Formation of blood clot(s) in the legs or lungs
• Recurrence of problem
• Slow return of bowel or bladder function
• Erosion of synthetic material through vaginal mucosa

What Happens Before Sacrocolpopexy Surgery?

1. Blood tests, electrocardiography (ECG) and chest X-ray may be done to ensure that you are in optimal health for Sacrocolpopexy surgery.

2. Your doctor may prescribe oral or vaginal estrogen (hormone) if you are already menopausal. It is important to comply with this medication as it ensures that your vaginal tissues are optimal for surgery and healing.

3. You will be admitted to the hospital one day before Sacrocolpopexy surgery.

4. You will be given preparations to clear your bowels.

5. Your pubic hair surrounding your vagina and on your vulva will be shaved.

6. You will not be allowed to eat or drink after midnight on the day before the surgery.

7. All your medical and surgical conditions, if any, must be made known to the doctor and must be optimally controlled.

8. If you are on aspirin, please keep your doctor informed. You must stop taking aspirin at least one week before Sacrocolpopexy surgery.

What happens during the Sacrocolpopexy surgery?

The surgery is done under general or regional anesthesia. The anesthesiologist will discuss with you the advantages and disadvantages of both methods.

An abdominal incision is made. The synthetic mesh is stitched to the posterior surface of the vagina and to the ligaments in front of the spine.

A tube / drain may be inserted into the abdomen to monitor the bleeding.

Another tube will be inserted into the urethra as there may be difficulty in urination after the Sacrocolpopexy procedure.

Painkillers, laxatives and antibiotics would generally be prescribed after the procedure.

What happens after Sacrocolpopexy surgery?

3. The catheter that was placed in your urethra is usually removed the day after surgery. The drain is usually removed two days after the operation.

4. You may be discharged on the third or fourth day after surgery if the doctor is pleased with your progress and the outcome of the Sacrocolpopexy procedure.

5. You should refrain from:

• Strenuous exercise for 2 months. You may return to normal activity after that, or upon clearance by your doctor.

• Using tampons, douching, sexual intercourse and driving for 4 weeks.

• Carrying heavy weights (> 10 pounds) for 6-8 weeks after Sacrocolpopexy surgery.

6. You should (immediately) return to the hospital or notify your doctor if you notic any of the following:

• Heavy vaginal bleeding
• Foul smelling vaginal discharge
• Severe abdominal distension and / or pain not relieved by painkillers
• High fever
• Pain associated with passing urine
• Difficulty in passing urine
• Constipation

Follow-up doctor visits after Sacrocolpopexy surgery

You will be examined by your doctor (at your doctor's office) at approximately; 2 weeks, 4 weeks, six months and and one year after Sacrocolpopexy surgery.

It is important to keep your follow-up appointments to ensure the best possible results.

Follow-up doctor visits after Sacrocolpopexy surgery

You will be examined by your doctor (at your doctor's office) at approximately; 2 weeks, 4 weeks, six months and and one year after Sacrocolpopexy surgery.

It is important to keep your follow-up appointments to ensure the best possible results.

What are Sanitary Napkins and how do they work?

Sanitary napkins, also referred to as;

* Inipads - our revolutionary menstrual pad and tampon alternative!
* sanitary pads
* sanitary towels
* Mini-menstrual pads
* Maxi pads
* Menstrual pads
* Menstruation pads
* Pantiliners

and are absorbent items worn inside a menstruating woman's panties, next to her vulva to absorb the menstrual blood coming from the vagina, each month during her monthly menstrual period.

Sanitary Napkins are also worn by women that are recovering from vulvo vaginal surgery as well as from post birth bleeding, or whenever necessary to absorb blood flowing from a woman's vagina.

Sanitary napkins come in different shapes, styles, absorbencies, deodorant, non-deodorant, as well as thin pantiliners for light days and pads, for heavy days of menstrual bleeding. All sanitary napkins, pads and pantiliners are made with removable strips of paper that reveal adhesive tape that is made to stick to your panties. Other pads and pantiliners have wrap-around "wings" that wrap under your panties to keep it from moving or "bunching."

Some young ladies don't like the feeling of sitting on a pad and may choose tampons and/or pantiliners on their heavy days. Many of the pantiliners offered today absorb as much menstrual blood as the thick sanitary napkins and pads offered 20 years ago!

Staphylococcus Aureus was first discovered in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1880 by Dr. Alexander Ogston who was a surgeon.

Every year, as many as 500,000 patients contract Staphylococcus Aureus during their stay in America's hospitals.

Staphylococcus Aureus, also known as Staph Aureus or S. Aureus, means the "golden cluster seed" or "the seed gold." It is also known as golden staph and is the most common cause of staph infections.

Staphylococcus Aureus is found in humans the following:

It has been shown that 20% of the population are long-term carriers of Staphylococcus Aureus.

Staphylococcus Aureus can cause a range of illnesses from minor skin infections, such
as pimples, impetigo (may also be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes), boils (furuncles), cellulitis folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome and abscesses.

Staphylococcus Aureus has been linked to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome (TSS), and septicemia.

Staphylococcus Aureus remains one of the five most common causes of nosocomial infections, often causing postsurgical wound infections.

Thermal Balloon Ablation, also known as "Thermal Balloon Ablation" - is a minor surgical that is similar to "endometrial ablation" in that is destroys the lining of of a woman's uterus using a balloon that is inserted through the vagina, then through the cervical opening, or os. The balloon, once in place and properly positioned in the uterus, is then filled with a fluid and then heated. The heat - which isn't that hot, and never felt by the patient undergoing the therapy - then destroys the lining of the uterus. The procedure is performed on an outpatient basis taking less than 30 minutes once the procedure begins.

Other types of endometrial ablation procedures inclued; electrical rent, freezing, laser, electrical rent and radiofrequency.

Side effects from thermal balloon ablation could possibly include vaginal discharge (lasting days or weeks), nausea and vomiting.

Women considering thermal balloon ablation should know that, like endometrial ablation, permanently destroys the lining of the uterus, making it nearly impossible to become pregnant.

A "tilted uterus," which is also referred to as either a "tipped uterus" or a "retroverted uterus" is diagnosed when a physician notices that the woman's uterus is in a slightly backwards or "tilted" position.

Normally, a woman's uterus is located in a straight and vertical position in reference to her pelvis - and sometimes the uterus is tilted slightly forward.

Having a tilted uterus is not that uncommon. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology states that about 20% of all women have a tilted uterus.

And, not all women that have a tilted uterus will have difficulty when trying to conceive. Many women will get pregnant with no trouble and may not have any idea that they even had a tilted uterus until their obstetrician informs them.

Toxic Shock Syndrome is a rare infection that can happen during a woman's period. The symptoms include a sudden fever of over 101 degrees or more, diarrhea (the runs), vomiting (throwing up), muscle aches and a sunburn-like rash. If you have these symptoms during you period, see a doctor right away.

3. Change your tampon at least every 4-6 hours (read the tampon manufacturers information inside the box).

5. Do not use a birth control sponge or diaphragm during your period. During your period it is preferable to use other methods such as condoms and/or foam.

There are allegations that tampons made from rayon, or cotton with rayon, may cause or be a contributing factor to Toxic Shock Syndrome as well as vaginal dryness or ulcerations of vaginal tissues.

Toxic Shock Syndrome is a rare but potentially fatal disease caused by a bacterial toxin. (Different bacterial toxins may cause Toxic Shock Syndrome, depending on the situation, but most often streptococci and staphylococci are responsible.) The number of reported Toxic Shock Syndrome cases has decreased significantly in recent years.

Approximately half the cases of Toxic Shock Syndrome reported today are associated with tampon use during menstruation, usually in young women.

Toxic Shock Syndrome also occurs in children, men, and non-menstruating women. In 1997, only five confirmed menstrual-related Toxic Shock Syndrome cases were reported, compared with 814 cases in 1980 [according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)].

Although scientists have recognized an association between Toxic Shock Syndrome and tampon use, the exact connection remains unclear. Research conducted by the CDC suggested that use of some high absorbency tampons increased the risk of Toxic Shock Syndrome in menstruating women. A few specific tampon designs and high absorbency tampon materials were also found to have some association with increased risk of Toxic Shock Syndrome. These products and materials are no longer used in tampons sold in the U.S. Tampons made with rayon do not appear to have a higher risk of Toxic Shock Syndrome than cotton tampons of similar absorbency.

Vaginal dryness and ulcerations may occur when women use tampons more absorbent than needed for the amount of their menstrual flow. Ulcerations have also been reported in women using tampons between menstrual periods to try to control excessive vaginal discharge or abnormal bleeding. Women may avoid problems by choosing a tampon with the minimum absorbency needed to control menstrual flow and using tampons only during active menstruation.

To help women compare absorbency from brand to brand, FDA requires that manufacturers measure absorbency using a standard method and describe absorbency on the package using standardized terms. Thus, the terms "junior," "regular," "super," and "super plus," always describe a specific range of tampon absorbency regardless of the brand.

What is a Trachelectomy?

A trachelectomy, also referred to as a cervicectomy, is the surgical removal of the cervix.

In this surgery, the uterus itself is saved or preserved, and therefore this type of surgery preserves a woman's chance of becoming pregnant and having children. The trachelectomy surgical alternative - as opposed to the more radical hysterectomy which removes the uterus in addition to the cervix - is typically elected by younger women with early stage cervical cancer.

What is a "Transobturator Sling"?

The Transobturator Sling is another minimally-invasive surgical procedure that is performed to help women with Female Stress Urinary Incontinence.

The Transobturator Sling surgery is performed by the doctor placing a narrow strip of tape or mesh in a position that provides support for the woman's urethra. The Transobturator Sling procedure eliminates some of the potential complications that come about from other Sling type surgical procedures that blindly passes a large needle carrier through the retropubic space.

What is "Uterine Balloon Therapy"?

"Uterine Balloon Therapy" - also known as "Thermal Balloon Ablation" - is a minor surgical procedure that destroys the lining of of a woman's uterus using a balloon that is inserted through the vagina, then through the cervical opening, or os. The balloon, once in place and properly positioned in the uterus, is then filled with a fluid and then heated. The heat - which isn't that hot, and never felt by the patient undergoing the therapy - then destroys the lining of the uterus.

How is Uterine Balloon Therapy performed?

Uterine Balloon Therapy is typically performed on an out-patient basis and requires either light general anesthesia or local anaesthesia.

Uterine Balloon Therapy involves inserting a balloon catheter through the vagina, then through the cervix and into the uterus. The balloon is then filled with sterile liquid so that it expands and fills the contours of the woman's uterus. The liquid inside the balloon is then heated and maintained at 87°C for 8 minutes which scalds and permanently destroys the endometrial lining of the uterus.

After 8 minutes, the liquid inside the uterine balloon is withdrawn and then the balloon catheter is deflated and removed back out of the uterus and vagina.

The lining of the uterus (endometrium) will gradually shed away (through the vagina - like a period) over the following 2 to 3 weeks.. The woman will experience a vaginal, bloodstained discharge over the next 2-3 weeks.

Almost all patients are discharged the same day after the Uterine Balloon Therapy procedure and may experience uterine cramps - very similar to menstrual cramps, for a few hours to 1-2 days at most.

Who is a candidate for Uterine Balloon Therapy?

Women who have been suffering from Patients suffering from Menorrhagia, or excessive menstrual bleeding due to benign causes, are excellent candidates for Uterine Balloon Therapy.

The overall success rate for women that undergo Uterine Balloon Therapy is around 80% and significantly reduces menstrual bleeding for these women.

However, Uterine Balloon Therapy is not a suitable therapy for patients with submucous fibroids or patients with large and irregular uterine cavities.

In addition, this procedure is NOT for patients who have not completed their family planning and intend to have children as becoming pregnant after Uterine Balloon Therapy can be life-threatening.

Benefits of Uterine Balloon Therapy

Uterine Balloon Therapy has the distinct advantage of being handled on an outpatient basis and with a very low risk for complications.

In addition, there is no effect on a woman's hormone balance and hormonal functioning. Therefore, she will not require hormone replacement therapy unlike in the case of a hysterectomy with removal of ovaries.

Recent studies indicate that most women find that Uterine Balloon Therapy met or exceeded their expectations and is their preferred treatment for menorrhagia. This is primarily due to the fact as they get to keep their uterus, as opposed to a hysterectomy, which removes the uterus and may lead to other complications in the future, including Pelvic Organ Prolapse.

Uterine Suspension is a surgical procedure that is used to relieve pelvic pain or dyspareunia (painful intercourse) when the pain is thought to be the result of a "tilted uterus," also referred to as;

Generally, there are two methods that are used to accomplish Uterine Suspension surgery;

Uterine Suspension is sometimes used to increase fertility although this is very controversial and has never really been shown to increase one’s chances of becoming pregnant.

What conditions will Uterine Suspension treat?

Uterine Suspension is used to treat pelvic pain and dyspareunia (painful intercourse). It is used to correct the position of a uterus that has tilted away from the midline and toward the back.

Sometimes, before Uterine Suspension surgery, the doctor may ask his patient to try a vaginal pessary in an attempt to correct uterine position.

If the vaginal pessary does not relieve the pain, then Uterine Suspension surgery may be the next best course of action.

Uterovaginal Prolapse may center in the area known as the "vaginal vault." The vaginal vault is the area at the top of the vagina, next to and adjacent to the cervix. It can only “fall” or descend downwards toward the vaginal "introitus" or the entrance of the vagina, after a woman's womb has been removed (hysterectomy). Vaginal Vault Prolapse - also referred to as vaginal prolapse - occurs in about 15% of women who have had a hysterectomy for uterine prolapse, and in about 1% of women who have had a hysterectomy for other reasons.

Vaginal Vault Suspension is a surgical procedure that may be selected to correct/repair Vaginal Vault Prolapse.

Vaginal dryness is one of the most distressing, and painful problems a woman faces. Vaginal dryness occurs when the natural vagina secretions decreases within the vagina. The amount of vaginal moisture varies throughout a woman's monthly menstrual cycle. Vaginal dryness is particularly problematical as a woman enters and becomes menopausal.

Vaginal hygiene is an area that focuses its studies, resources, and recommended products on proper vaginal hygiene, and overcoming vaginal hygiene problems.

Whether you are concerned about menstruation, whether you should consider douching, vaginal odors, vaginal dryness, menstrual odors during menstruation, or general feminine hygiene information, this site is for you.

Vaginal moisturizers, provided by numerous companies, and a variety of brand names, are products designed to relieve the pain and discomfort of vaginal dryness. These products are applied or inserted, into the vagina, one or more times per day, depending on the amount of vaginal dryness she may be experiencing.

A vaginal moisturizer may or may not be a vaginal lubricant. Vaginal lubricants are normally used as an aid for intercourse and used on a short-term basis to help a woman that is not able to produce enough vaginal moisture to permit her to comfortably (and painlessly) engage in intercourse.

A menstruating woman's vaginal moisture changes from day to day, and varies depending upon her hormones that control the production of vaginal moisture. A woman can experience vaginal dryness even during times of menstrual bleeding.

What is "Vaginal pH?"

The pH of a healthy vagina ranges from 3.8 to 4.5. pH is a way to describe how acidic a substance is. It is given by a number on a scale of 1-14. The lower the number, the more acidic the substance. The pH of the vagina can be obtained either in the doctor's office or at home with a vaginal pH test kit which determines how acidic or alkaline the vagina is when the vaginal pH test is conducted. Knowing your vagina's pH is very important for optimum vaginal health. When your vagina's pH is within the 3.8 to 4.5 range, there is a healthy balance of vaginal flora or bacteria that keeps the vaginal yeast cells in check. When the vagina's pH is out of this health pH range of 3.8 to 4.5, the vagina's healthy flora decreases and the amounts of bad bacteria increases, upsetting the natural balance of the vagina. The end result is vaginal odor and vaginal yeast infections.

"Vaginal Relaxation" is a very common and embarrassing medical condition suffered by women who have undergone vaginal childbirth. Vaginal Relaxation is the medical term used by physicians, but most women and men refer to it as "loose vagina."

Vaginal Relaxation refers specifically to the loss of "vaginal tone" or vaginal tightness of the vagina as well as the vagina's supporting structures.

The symptoms of Vaginal Relaxation are usually first recognized after a woman has her first vaginal childbirth. However, the symptoms of Vaginal Relaxation become increasingly bothersome with each vaginal childbirth and worsen as a woman approaches menopause.

Some physicians and medical researchers believe that Vaginal Relaxation is a "disruption" of the vagina and its supporting vaginal ligaments - rather than a "stretching" during vaginal childbirth, and that this then leads to "Vaginal Relaxation."

Over 35 million American women (and their husbands) are suffering from Vaginal Relaxation or a loose vagina. Today, women can cure the problem and end the embarrassment of Vaginal Relaxation with a simple and very common medical procedure that takes less than one hour in a doctor's office to complete!

What is Vaginal Vault Prolapse?

The vaginal vault is the area at the top of the vagina, next to and adjacent to the cervix. It can only “fall” or descend downwards toward the vaginal "introitus" or the entrance of the vagina, after a woman's womb has been removed (hysterectomy).

Vaginal Vault Prolapse - also referred to as vaginal prolapse - occurs in about 15% of women who have had a hysterectomy for uterine prolapse, and in about 1% of women who have had a hysterectomy for other reasons.

Vaginal Vault Suspension is a surgical procedure that may be selected to correct/repair Vaginal Vault Prolapse.

What is the Vaginal Vault and Where is the Vaginal Vault Located?

The vagina has three "compartments" which include the anterior compartment or anterior vaginal wall, the middle compartment or cervix, and the posterior compartment or posterior vaginal wall. The vaginal vault is typically identified as the area at the top of the vagina, next to and adjacent to the cervix. The vaginal vault can fall/drop or descend down toward the vaginal introitus, or the entrance of the vagina, after a woman's uterus has been removed through a hysterectomy.

Vaginal Vault Prolapse occurs in about 15% of women who have had a hysterectomy for uterine prolapse, and in about 1% of women who have had a hysterectomy for other reasons. Vaginal Vault Suspension is the surgical procedure that corrects and repairs Vaginal Vault Prolapse.

Vulvar cancer can be found in and around a woman's labia majora, labia minora, and/or clitoris, as well as within the vagina, which is then called vaginal cancer. The cancer usually develops slowly over several years. In the beginning stages of vulvar cancer, precancerous cells grow on/within the vulva. This is called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), or dysplasia. Not all VIN cases turn into cancer, but it is best to treat it early and when diagnosed early, prognosis is good, with 90% (+) survival rates.

Typically, there are few if any indications or symptoms in the early stages of vulvar cancer.

However, you should IMMEDIATELY see your doctor if you notice any of the following from your vulvovaginal area:

NOTE: Older women (over 40) with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are a risk factor for vulvar cancer.

Treatment for vulvar cancer varies depending on your overall health, age and how advanced the cancer is.

Treatment for vulvar cancer may include; laser therapy, surgery, radiation or chemotherapy.

Vulva health is a term that covers the many health issues of a woman's - or young girl's vulva. This includes vulva care, gynecology, feminine hygiene, vaginal health/hygiene, menstruation, and the changes in women's vulvas from menarche to menopause.

Vulvovaginal is the medical term that is used for the study, health, medical treatment, diagnosis, sanitation and treatment of the human female vulva and vagina. The pelvic examination of the vulvovaginal area includes inspection of the following specific external (and visible) parts; the clitoris, located at the top, the labia majora (outer "lips"), labia minora (inner "lips"), urethra, vestibule, vaginal introitus, and Bartholin ducts.

What Dads and Husbands as Well as Women and Mothers Need to Know About "Vulvovaginal" Health.

Dads with daughters need to be able to communicate with their daughters when it comes to their daughter's vulvovaginal health and feminine hygiene needs.

While most young ladies do not have problems with vaginal dryness, vaginal odor / feminine odor or feminine itching, changes in their hormones as they approach their first menstrual period, and after, can sometimes cause these problems.

And when you are the only parent, you need to know how to help your daughter(s) with these health issues. By being informed, honest, and straight forward, you can be the trusted resource your daughter needs. And just as important, if you don't know the answer to her vulvovaginal health or feminine hygiene questions, tell her that you don't know and will find out and let her know.

Vulvar Vestibulitis is a condition which causes redness and pain of the vestibule.

Vulvar Vestibulitis or simply, "Vestibulitis," is an inflammation of the vulvovaginal skin and the mucous secreting glands found in and around the vulva. The mucous secreting glands are called the lesser vestibular glands.

Vulvar Vestibulitis may include all the area around the opening of the vagina but is normally seen in the lower part of the vaginal opening.

Vulvar Vestibulitis occurs in women of all ages. It can occur in women who are sexually active and also in women who have never been sexually active.

Many women with this problem have suffered physically and emotionally for months or years, have seen a number of physicians, and have tried many unsuccessful treatments in search of relief.

What are the signs and symptoms of Vulvar Vestibulitis?

* Severe pain with pressure (for example: biking, exercise, tight fitting clothes ).

* Vaginal entry such as tampon use or intercourse.

* Burning, stinging, irritation, or raw sensation within the vestibular area.

* Vestibular redness

* The urge to urinate frequently or suddenly.

How is Vulvar Vestibulitis diagnosed?

Your doctor or health care provider will examine the vulva and vestibule to identify the common skin changes seen with Vulvar Vestibulitis. Pain is usually felt if the vestibule area is touched with a cotton tipped applicator. A sample of your vaginal discharge is collected and tested to rule out infection.

The following factors have been associated with Vulvar Vestibulitis:

* HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
* Chronic Yeast Infections
* Chronic bacterial infections
* Chronic changes of pH (acid-base balance in the vagina)
* Chronic use of chemicals/irritants such as detergents, soaps, spermicides or lubricants.

What is the treatment for Vulvar Vestibulitis?

Treatment may include any of the following:

* Follow the Guidelines for Vulvar Skin Care
* Steroid Ointments

How it is used: A thin layer is applied to the vulvovaginal areas.

How it Works: Decreases redness, irritation, and burning. Caution: Use only as prescribed by your doctor. Overuse may result in thinning of the skin which will make your problem worse rather than helping it.

* Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA) may be used in some cases as determined by the severity of the symptoms you have. TCA is a chemical that is used to destroy small areas of the irritated skin allowing new healthy skin to grow in its place.

* Interferon Injections are used to increase your body's response to infection.

Helpful treatment hints for Vulvar Vestibulitis:

* Vitamin A and D Ointment How it is used: Apply to the areas of discomfort.
How it Works: Protects the skin, decreases irritation, heals, and soothes.

* Lidocaine Gel may be prescribed after initial treatment.

How it is used: Apply lidocaine gel to the vulvovaginal areas of discomfort.

How it Works: Numbs areas before intercourse.

Caution: After applying, wait until area becomes less sensitive before intercourse. Burning may occur for a short time ( 5 to 10 mins.) after the gel is applied.

* Witch Hazel Pads:

How it is used: Apply to the vulvovaginal areas of discomfort.

How it Works: Decreases burning and irritation after intercourse and urinating.

* Cleansing Bottle - Pour plain luke-warm water over the vulva after urinating to remove urine from irritated area.

* Calcium Citrate Tablets- How it is used: Take orally 1200-1800mg. elemental calcium every day. How it Works: Thought to decrease certain crystals in the urine which may cause burning.

How it Works: Increases the acid content of the urine to decrease bladder irritation.

* Limit High Oxalate Foods - May decrease amount of oxalate crystals in urine. Oxalate crystals cause urinary symptoms such as the urge to urinate frequently or suddenly.

* Baking Soda Soak- Soak in luke warm bath water with 4 to 5 tablespoons of baking soda to help soothe vulvovaginal itching and burning. Soak 1 to 3 times a day for 10 to 15 minutes. If you are using a sitz bath, use 1 to 2 teaspoons of baking soda.

Vulvovaginitis is an inflammation of all or part of the external vulva (labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and/or entrance to the vagina) and the vagina. The inflammation, redness and rubor - which is a response of body tissues to injury or irritation; are generally characterized by pain, swelling, redness and heat.

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COMING SOON..... Femgyn Health's INIPADS! A Tampon that's NOT a Tampon!

Women use our Femgyn Health's Inipads during their menstrual periods or for other feminine hygiene reasons, such as vaginal discharge or urinary leakage.

Femgyn Health's Inipads don't overly absorb or cause vaginal dryness problems since they aren't worn in the vagina.

Femgyn Health's Inipads absorb like tampons worn inside the vagina, but are never inserted in the vagina like tampons - where a woman's vagina frequently becomes excessively dry toward the end of her period, due to the drying properties of tampons.

Femgyn Health's Inipads have two absorbencies which are our "Light Inipads" and our "Regular Inipads."

Femgyn Health's Inipads will never bunch up or shift around like the typical menstrual pads and they are very comfortable to wear, even when sitting for long periods!

Femgyn Health's Inipads are usually replaced when urinating, and can be safely flushed down the toilet or wrapped and thrown into the trash.

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Uterus (Womb)

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